Eco-friendly Utilisation of Iron Ore Tailings - A Critical Approach

Abstract

Iron ore tailings (IOTs), a significant by-product of the iron ore beneficiation process, represent a pressing global challenge due to their vast generation and environmental implications. With approximately 1.4 billion tons produced annually, IOTs not only contribute to land degradation and pollution but also pose substantial risks such as dam failures. As natural resources become scarcer, there is growing recognition of the untapped potential of these tailings in various industries. This review explores current advancements in transforming IOTs from waste into valuable resources. In the construction sector, IOTs have demonstrated efficacy as substitutes for cement, fine aggregates, and admixtures, improving properties like strength, durability, and sustainability. Additionally, their application as structural fill material in embankments and walls shows promise for reducing environmental hazards. Advanced metallurgical techniques have also enabled the recovery of valuable metals like iron and rare earth elements from IOTs. The integration of eco-friendly technologies, such as acid leaching and metal-organic frameworks, has further enhanced resource efficiency. By emphasizing sustainable practices, this study highlights how IOTs can address critical environmental concerns while contributing to resource conservation. The findings underscore the necessity for innovative solutions and regulatory frameworks to maximize IOTs utilization and minimize associated risks.