Thermally stable “ halogen cation pool” method was introduced with the initial reaction of DMSO and 1,2-dihaloethane generating the sulfonium ion, which undergoes pyrolytic elimination of ethylene gas by affording halonium ions. These ions were accumulated and stabilized by DMSO through coordination. Using this novel strategy 2-oxindoles were synthesized from indoles with initial halogenation reaction, while at 85 °C isatin derivatives were obtained. We have also extended our protocol for the...

This study introduces a novel class of optimal control problems that incorporate the distributed-order derivative operator. The generalized Hermite wavelet is employed to approximate the state and control functions and the distributed-order Riemann–Liouville integral. Subsequently, the Galerkin method combined with the Lagrange multiplier technique is applied to derive the optimal solutions. Several real-world examples demonstrate the proposed approach's effectiveness and accuracy.

Battery health prediction is an important aspect of the battery management system (BMS), which assures safety, reliability, and sustainability in applications such as electric vehicles (EVs). This paper proposes a new technique for battery health prediction using a Q-learning algorithm which is a powerful Reinforcement learning (RL) technique. It is a type of machine learning in which an agent gains decision-making skills through interaction with its environment. The proposed algorithm has be...

Studies highlight several factors that have over the years altered the bonds between the humans and elephants. The most highlighted interactions that have shaped the present bonds has been mostly negative in nature. This particularly threatens the future of elephants in areas that report high human elephant conflict (HEC). Despite several attempts to mitigate the issue and curb intolerance against elephant depredation such as making provisions for ex-gratia to aid the afflicted families, cond...

Direct thiocyanation of 4-arylthioazol-2-one was performed by electrochemical process using ammonium thiocyanate as the thiocyanating agent at room temperature without any supportive electrolyte. From control ex periments, it is clear that the reaction proceeds through a radical pathway. A similar process was also employed for the C5-halogenation of 4-arylthioazol-2-one using ammonium halides as the halogen sources. Further, the thiocyanated 4-thioazol-2-ones were transformed to sulfenyl deri...

This study investigates the feasibility of using jute fiber biochar as a partial replacement for cement in cement mortar composites. Jute fibers were subjected to controlled slow pyrolysis to produce biochar with enhanced carbonization and a stable porous structure. The produced biochar was thoroughly characterized for its physical and chemical properties, ensuring its suitability for incorporation into cementitious materials. Various mortar mix designs were developed, and a predetermined per...

Slums in the Global South represent a spatial manifestation of the persistent challenges of poor housing, inadequate access to basic amenities and insecure land tenure. To address these issues, many countries in the Global South, including India, have launched different bottom up development strategies where local institutions play a pivotal role in governing access to resources and delivering welfare to the urban poor living in the slums. Smart cities, which combine the social design of New ...

Some of the Battery energy storage systems (BESS), like battery-based solar cold storage systems operate with minimal fluctuation load current. A generalized aging model for this kind of system would be favorable for the predictive maintenance of Lithiumion Batteries (LIBs). Considering this, a novel C-rate dependent aging model has been developed. The model developed is framed into the forecasting structure for the remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of LIBs using a particle filter (PF) f...

Automatic classification of breast cancer (BrCan) histopathological images is crucial for aiding BrCan diagnosis. Convolutional neural networks often emphasize semantics, however, they face challenges like high computational cost, high memory usage, and difficulty in capturing multiscale features, making them less suitable for resource-constrained clinical applications. Many past researchers have proposed CNN-based deep learning model for BrCan classification. Though these models achieved goo...

An effective two-way DC-DC buck-boost converter control approach in a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-wind system with battery as the energy storage is described in this study for managing power flow. Meeting load demand, controlling power flow from various sources, and charging the battery on demand are all goals of the proposed system. To control the charging and discharging of batteries as well as to track power from wind and solar photovoltaic sources, the two-way buck-boost converter is control...

To address the needs of isolated off-grid DC loads, an effective energy management approach is required for a microgrid integrated with renewable energy sources. This research presents a voltage and current controller strategy based on fuzzy logic for a battery storage system integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system, aiming to enhance energy management. The battery's power flow is controlled via a bidirectional buck-boost converter through a fuzzy logic controller. Energy management based o...

With the growing incorporation of renewable energy sources (RES), microgrids (MGs) have emerged as a key solution, capable of operating in both grid-connected (GCM) and islanded modes (IM) to enhance reliability and flexibility. Due to the high penetration of Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators (IIDGs) such as PV and wind systems, fault current levels in microgrids (MGs) become significantly limited. This restricted fault current capability of IIDGs challenges conventional protection s...

The global popularity of sharing accommodation platforms has significantly influenced consumer behavior over the past decade. This study investigates how green marketing orientation, trust in the platform, and green image affect consumers' repurchase intentions on such platforms. Data were collected from users aged 18 and older in New Delhi, India, who had prior experience with sharing accommodation platforms. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were employed to ana...

Stochastic integral equations (SIEs) have gained significant attention recently due to their applications in various fields of science and engineering include turbulent flows, population dynamics, heat transfer problems, and the Black-Scholes option pricing model in mathematical finance. We use these equations to model real-world phenomena where uncertainty or randomness plays a critical role. This study presents an advanced numerical method approach to solving linear and non-linear SIEs thro...

The Black-Scholes model is a cornerstone in financial mathematics for pricing European options, offering closed-form solutions under idealized assumptions. However, these assumptions often fail to capture real-world complexities, limiting their practical applicability. This investigation introduces an innovative optimization-based approach using the AI method viz. Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) to solve the Black-Scholes partial differential equation (PDE). By reformulating the...

The increasing complexity of modern power systems, driven by renewable energy integration and evolving grid dynamics, demands advanced automation solutions to ensure stability, reliability, and resilience. Wide-Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS), powered by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), have emerged as an integral component of power system automation, enabling real-time situational awareness and predictive control. However, PMU data quality often suffers from missing values, outliers, and nois...

Nowadays, conventional fossil fuels are being replaced by renewable energy sources to tackle the increasing energy demand. Ongoing energy crises and emission issues can be mitigated to some extent by the use of clean energy. Eco-friendly energies derived from solar and fuel cells need to be integrated with the DC microgrid owing to their low output voltage. High-gain and high-efficiency dc-dc converters are gaining popularity for establishing a proper interconnection between sustainable energ...

The transition metal chalcogenides have attracted enormous attention due to their capability of large-area deposition with various applications in the field of optoelectronics, photoelectric conversion, solar cells, and lithium-ion batteries. The copper sulfide thin films (CuxS,1 ≤ x ≤ 2), being one of the members of transition metal chalcogenide, have been used in several applications such as chemical sensors, photo-absorbing layers, photovoltaics, and lithium-ion batteries. In this research...

The cement industry significantly contributes to global CO₂ emissions, necessitating the development of alternative supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Conventional pozzolans such as Fly ash, GGBFS, etc, are limited and scarce nowadays. To ensure the continued production of durable and low CO₂ concrete, high-quality pozzolans are needed. Natural pozzolans (NP) such as calcined clay, pumice and volcanic ash, etc, impede their use in concrete. It is imperative to evaluate the pozzolani...