Comparative Analysis of High Energy Ball Milling and Hand Grinding of Calcium Doped Barium Titanate Ceramics

Abstract

The synthesis, structural characteristics, and functional properties of calcium-modified barium titanate (Ba1-xCaxTiO3) ceramics of composition x = 0.10 and 0.20 are studied. Two synthesis methods, high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and hand grinding (HG), are adopted to compare their impact on the material's ferroelectric, dielectric, and structural properties. XRD analysis confirmed the tetragonal perovskite structure for both ceramics. Density measurements revealed that HEBM samples have higher densities due to finer particle sizes and better sintering efficacy. FESEM further supported these results, showing that HEBM samples produced smaller, more uniform particles compared to the larger and less homogeneous particles from HG. Ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurements and room temperature dielectric study showed better ferroelectric properties and high dielectric constant for the HEBM sample, respectively, particularly for Ba0.90Ca 0.10TiO3.