http://hdl.handle.net/2080/18 2026-03-11T07:27:03Z http://hdl.handle.net/2080/1561 Title: Vacuum Technology and Processes for Metallurgical Applications Authors: Karak, S K Abstract: Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges. There is huge scope of research work lies in metallurgical applications- like vacuum melting for production of ultra pure metal and alloys, sintering and degassing of powder metallurgical applications, thin film and coating applications and brazing and EB welding for metal joining applications. Description: Copyright belongs to proceeding publisher 2011-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/2080/683 Title: Continuous jute fiber reinforced laminated paper composite and reinforcement fiber-free paper laminate Authors: Verma, B B Abstract: Plastic bags create a serious environmental problem. The proposed jute fiber reinforced laminated paper composite and reinforcement fiber free paper laminate may help to combat the war against this pollutant to certain extent. The paper laminate, without reinforcement fiber, exhibited a few times superiority in tensile properties than single paper strip. The studies further show that an appreciable improvement in tensile properties can be achieved by introducing continuous jute fiber in paper laminates. Description: This is a Preprint communicated to Bulletin of material science 2008-05-08T05:08:04Z